Fall is a major cause of disability and death in the elderly. More than a third of elderly people living in the community fall annually.

Risk factors :

Environmental– loose carpets and rugs, bad/slippery flooring, steep stairs, poor lighting, poor fitting foot wears and clothes, lack of safety equipments e.g. grab rails.

Drugs-disturb mental and physical functions leading to fall.

Medical Conditions – arthritis, osteoporosis, visual impairment, dizziness, dementia, stroke and parkinsonism.

Nutritional Factors – poor diet, especially lacking in calcium and vitamin D.

Lack of exercise

Complications

• Consequences:
  • Injuries which may result in serious head injuries and fractures.
  • Psychological – fear, loss of confidence, anxiety, depression, social isolation and functional limitation.
  • Disability with subsequent dependency.
  • Immobility may lead to pressure sores, muscle damage and lung infection.

Treatment

• Diagnosis and treatment of medical problems
• Physiotherapy and occupational therapy assessment

Prevention

• Healthy lifestyle
• Elderly friendly environment – good lighting and pavements
• Targeting risk factors as above
• Foot care and appropriate footwear

Rehabilitation

• Multidisciplinary approach to improve stability during standing, transferring (moving) and walking.
• To regain independence and confidence..
• Modify the home environment and remove hazards.
• Teach strategies to cope with further falls.